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apply_map

PURPOSE

apply_map applies a map to an image, or a set of maps to a set of images.  For instance, it can be used to warp one image to match another image, given a pairwise map between those two images (which is generated by the register program).  It can also be used to generate an aligned stack of images, given a set of maps placing those images in absolute space (which are generated by the align program).  A third use is to generate a composite 2-D image from a set of images, given a set of maps placing those images in absolute space (which are again generated by the align program).

Although the input images can be resampled directly to the output image, it is also possible to supply an intensity map for each image (generated by gen_imaps), which provides a means to adjust the contrast and brightness in a smooth way across the image.  This can be used to reduce stitching artifacts caused by intensity variations in the component images.

TYPICAL USAGE

 apply_map -image_list  images.lst     \
-images images/ \
-masks masks/ \
-maps maps/ \
-output aligned_images/

COMMAND LINE OPTIONS

-black float_value

Sets the value in the input images that will turn into black (pixel value 1) in the output images

-compress

If specified, the output images will be compressed using the Adobe deflate compression with a horizontal differencing predictor

-image image_name

Only process the specified image name

-image_list images.lst

Specifies the file that contains the list of names of the images to apply the maps to.

-images directory/

Specifies the directory containing the input images.

-imap_scale float_value

Specifies the scale factor between the intensity maps and the images.  E.g., if the value is 4, the imaps are at one-quarter the resolution of the actual images..  Default value is 1.

-imaps directory/

Specifies the directory containing the intensity maps.  Intensity maps are used for gradually adjusting the brightness/contrast over an entire image.  Each pair of values in the intensity map sets the black/white levels at a particular position in the corresponding input image/

-label string

Requests that a label be included on the output image.  If all images are overlaid, then just the string is used as the label text; otherwise, the string is concatenated with the image name to form the label text.

-label_location widthxheight+offset_x+offset_y

Sets the width and height of the label and specifies the position of the upper left corner within the output image.

-map_scale float_value

Specifies the scale factor between the image maps and the images.  E.g., if the value is 8, the maps are at one-eighth the resolution of the actual images.  Default value is 1.

-maps directory/

Specifies the directory containing the map files.

-mask_scale float_value

Specifies the scale factor between the image masks and the images.  E.g., if the value is 8, the masks are at one-eighth the resolution of the actual images.  Default value is 1

-masks directory/

Specifies the directory containing the mask files.

-memory int_value

Specifies the maximum amount of memory in MB  to use while constructing the output image.

-output directory/

Specifies the directory where output images should be placed.

-overlay

requests that all images be overlaid into a single output image.

-pgm

requests that output images be written as .pgm files.  The default is .tif.

-reduction int_factor

requests that the output images be reduced in size by the specified factor.  This is useful when oversampling to avoid writing extremely large output files.

-region widthxheight+offset_x+offset_y

specifies that only the given region within the output image space should be generated and output.  All values are expressed in integral pixel units within the output image space.

-rotation float_rotation

specifies that the output image is to be rotated by the specified amount; this rotation is given in degrees and positive is counter-clockwise.  This transformation is actually applied to the maps before the actual rendering is done so that there is no resampling penalty when using this option.

-rotation_center float_x,float_y

specified the center of rotation when using the -rotation option.   The x and y values are coordinates within the output image space.

-source_map source.map

requests that a source map be written out to the specified file.  A source map allows one to identify what image was used as a source for a particular pixel within the output image.  Obviously, it would consume a lot of space to record this information for every pixel in the output image, so typically this is done for every 64th pixel in x and y (i.e., for only one out of 4096 pixels in the output image).  See the -source_map_level option for how to change this.

-source_map_level int_level

specifies the resolution level of the source map to be output.  This is the base 2 logarithm of the inteval between pixels.  For example, to have a grid point in the source map every 32 pixels, set this to 5.  The default value is 6.

-target_maps directory/

requests that a target map be written out within the specified directory for every source image.  The target map allows one to identify where a pixel in the source image got mapped to in the output image.  Obviously, it would consume a lot of space to record this information for every pixel in the source images, so typically this is done for every 64th pixel in x and y.  See the -target_maps_level option for how to change this.

-target_maps_level int_level

specifies the resolution level of every target map to be output.  This is the base 2 logarithm of the inteval between pixels.  For example, to have a grid point in the source map every 32 pixels, set this to 5.  The default value is 6.

-tile int_tile_widthxint_tile_height

requests that the output image be tiled and written out as individual tile files instead of as one large output file.  This is especially useful when the output image would be so large as to not fit into physical memory in the computer.  The width and height is expressed in pixels.   See also the -tree option.

-tree

If this option is given, then the tile files that are output are organized in a tree-style directory structure.  That is, each column of tiles is stored in its own subdirectory within the output directory.

-white float_value

sets the value in the input images that will turn into white (pixel value 255) in the output images

 

 

 

Research Highlights

 

Direct coupling of oligomerization and oligomerization-driven endocytosis of the dopamine transporter to its conformational mechanics and activity

The Bahar (TR&D1) and Sorkin (DBP3) labs published an article in the Journal of Biological Chemistry, selected as one of JBC's "Editors' Picks. Our results demonstrate a direct coupling between conformational dynamics of DAT, functional activity of the transporter and its oligomerization leading to endocytosis. The high specificity of such coupling for DAT makes the TM4-9 hub a new target for pharmacological modulation of DAT activity and subcellular localization. (Read more)

 

 

Differences in the intrinsic spatial dynamics of the chromatin contribute to cell differentiation

Comparison with RNA-seq expression data reveals a strong overlap between highly expressed genes and those distinguished by high mobilities in the present study, in support of the role of the intrinsic spatial dynamics of chromatin as a determinant of cell differentiation. (Read more)

 

 

Nanoscale co-organization and coactivation of AMPAR, NMDAR, and mGluR at excitatory synapses

Work by TR&D2 Investigators and collaborators provide insights into the nanometer scale organization of postsynaptic glutamate receptors using a combination of dual-color superresolution imaging, electrophysiology, and computational modeling. (Read more)

 

 

Parallel Tempering with Lasso for model reduction in systems biology

TR&D3 Investigators and collaborators develop PTLasso, a Bayesian model reduction approach that combines Parallel Tempering with Lasso regularization, to automatically extract minimal subsets of detailed models that are sufficient to explain experimental data. On both synthetic and real biological data, PTLasso is an effective method to isolate distinct parts of a larger signaling model that are sufficient for specific data. (Read more)

 

Image-derived models of cell organization changes during differentiation and drug treatments

Our work on modeling PC12 cells undergoing differentiation into neuron-like morphologies (under C&SP11, completed) has been published in Molecular Biology of the Cell. We have also made the large dataset of 3D images collected in that study available through Dryad. (Read more)

 

Monoamine transporters: structure, intrinsic dynamics and allosteric regulation

T&RD1 investigators Mary Cheng and Ivet Bahar published an invited review article in Nature Structural & Molecular Biology, addressing recent progress in the elucidation of the structural dynamics of MATs and their conformational landscape and transitions, as well as allosteric regulation mechanisms. (Read more)

Trimerization of dopamine transporter triggered by AIM-100 binding

The Bahar (TR&D1) and Sorkin (DBP3) labs explored the trimerization of dopamine transporter (DAT) triggered by a furopyrimidine, AIM-100, using a combination of computational and biochemical methods, and single-molecule live-cell imaging assays. (Read more)

Pre-post synaptic alignment through neuroligin-1 tunes synaptic transmission efficiency

TR&D2 investigators and collaborators describe organizing role of neuroligin-1 to align post-synaptic AMPA Receptors with pre-synaptic release sites into trans-synaptic “nano-columns” to enhance signaling.(Read more)

Inferring the Assembly Network of Influenza Virus

In an article in PLoS Computational Biology, MMBioS TR&D4 members Xiongto Ruan and Bob Murphy collaborated with Seema Lakdawala to address this question of the assembly network of the Influenza virus.(Read more)

PINK1 Interacts with VCP/p97 and Activates PKA to Promote NSFL1C/p47 Phosphorylation and Dendritic Arborization in Neurons

Our findings highlight an important mechanism by which proteins genetically implicated in Parkinson’s disease (PD; PINK1) and frontotemporal dementia (FTD; VCP) interact to support the health and maintenance of neuronal arbors.(Read more)

Improved methods for modeling cell shape

In a recent paper in Bioinformatics, Xiongtao Ruan and Bob Murphy of TR&D4 addressed the question of how best to model cell and nuclear shape.(Read more)

New tool to predict pathogenicity of missense variants based on structural dynamics: RHAPSODY

We demonstrated that the analysis of a protein’s intrinsic dynamics can be successfully used to improve the prediction of the effect of point mutations on a protein functionality. This method employs ANM/GNM tools (Read more)

New method for investigating chromatin structural dynamics.

By adapting the Gaussian Network Model (GNM) protein-modeling framework, we were able to model chromatin dynamics using Hi-C data, which led to the identification of novel cross-correlated distal domains (CCDDs) that were found to also be associated with increased gene co-expression.  (Read more)

 

Structural elements coupling anion conductance and substrate transport identified

We identified an intermediate anion channeling state (iChS) during the global transition from the outward facing (OF) to inward facing state (IFS). Our prediction was tested and validated by experimental study conducted in the Amara lab (NIMH). Critical residues and interactions were analyzed by SCAM, electrophysiology and substrate uptake experiments (Read more)

Integrating MMBioS technologies for multiscale discovery

TR&D teams driven by individual DBPs are naturally joining forces, integrating their tools to respond to the needs of the DBP, and creating integrative frameworks for combining structural and kinetic data and computing technologies at multiple scales.  (Read more)

 

Large scale visualization of rule-based models.

Signaling in living cells is mediated through a complex network of chemical interactions. Current predictive models of signal pathways have hundreds of reaction rules that specify chemical interactions, and a comprehensive model of a stem cell or cancer cell would be expected to have many more. Visualizations of rules and their interactions are needed to navigate, organize, communicate and analyze large signaling models.  (Read more)

Integration of MCellR into MCell/CellBlender

Using spatial biochemical models of SynGAP/PSD95, MMBioS investigators were able to merge the MCellR code-base with the MCell code-base and validate its utility and correctness of this sophisticated technology now easily accessible through the MCell/CellBlender GUI.  (Read more)

 

csp29

Causal relationships of spatial distributions of T cell signaling proteins

The idea is to identify a relationship in which a change in the concentration of one protein in one cell region consistently is associated with a change in the concentration of another protein in the same or a different region. We used the data from our Science Signaling paper reported last year to construct a model for T cells undergoing stimulation by both the T cell receptor and the costimulatory receptor. (Read more...)

T-Cell Receptor Signaling

BioNetGen modeling helps reveal immune system response decision

To attack or to let be is an important decision that our immune systems must make to protect our bodies from foreign invaders or protect bodily tissues from an immune attack. Using modeling and experiments, we have painted a sharper picture of how T cells make these critical decisions.  (Read more)

 

 

distancecell

Tools for determining the spatial relationships between different cell components

An important task for understanding how cells are organized is determining which components have spatial patterns that are related to each other.Read more

 

4d rtd

Pipeline for creation of spatiotemporal maps

Using a combination of diffeomorphic methods and improved cell segmentation, we developed a CellOrganizer pipeline for use in DPB4 to construct models of the 4D distributions of actin and 8 of its regulators during the response of T cells to antigen presentation. Read more

 

Multi-scale Hybrid Methodology

The hybrid methodology, coMD, that we have recently developed [1] has been recently extended to construct the energy landscape near the functional states of LeuT (Fig 1) [2]. This is the first energy landscape constructed for this NSS family member. Read more

 


Insights into the cooperative dynamics of AMPAR

Comparative analysis of AMPAR and NMDAR dynamics reveals striking similarities, opening the way to designing new modulators of allosteric interactions. Read more


Improved Sampling of Cell-Scale Models using the WE Strategy

The WE strategy for orchestrating a large set of parallel simulations has now been extended to spatially resolved cell-scale systems. The WESTPA implementation of WE has been used to control MCell simulations, including models built using a BioNetGen-CellOrganizer pipeline for situating complex biochemistry within spatially realistic cell models. Read more

Mouse visual cortex
Anatomy and Function of an Excitatory Network in the Visual Cortex

MMBioS researcher Greg Hood’s collaboration with Wei-Chung Allen Lee of Harvard University and R. Clay Reid of the Allen Institute for Brain Science concerning the reconstruction of an excitatory nerve-cell network in the mouse brain cortex at a subcellular level using the AlignTK software has been published in Nature. Read more

 

Molecular Mechanism of Dopamine Transport by hDAT

Dopamine transporters (DATs) control neurotransmitter dopamine (DA) homeostasis by reuptake of excess DA, assisted by sodium and chloride ions. The recent resolution of DAT structure (dDAT) from Drosophila permits us for the first time to directly view the sequence of events involved in DA reuptake in human DAT (hDAT). Read more

 

 

 

figure good 170Synaptic Facilitation Revealed

An investigation of several mechanisms of short-term facilitation at the frog neuromuscular junction concludes that the presence of a second class of calcium sensor proteins distinct from synaptotagmin can explain known properties of facilitation. Read more

 

langmead2 200Sparse Graphical Models of Protein:Protein Interactions

DgSpi is a new method for learning and using graphical models that explicitly represent the amino acid basis for interaction specificity and extend earlier classification-oriented approaches to predict ΔG of binding. Read more

 

Picture1 180Advancing Parallel Bio-simulations

A new non-Markovian analysis can eliminate bias in estimates of long-timescale behavior, such as the mean first-passage time for the dissociation of methane molecules in explicit solvent. Read more

 

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